The Allegory Of The Cave Essay - 975 Words

Iakovos Vasiliou, an associate professor of philosophy in Brooklyn College, once said â€Å"The only thing we know for certain is that nothing is certain.† This is the main philosophy behind both Plato’s â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave†, and the renowned sci-fi movie â€Å"The Matrix.† Both works deal with escaping a false reality while unveiling a real one. In Plato’s â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave†, the escaped prisoner synonymous to the character Neo in â€Å"The Matrix†, exhibiting a shared theme behind both plots. Socrates suggest that with effort, all that is beautiful and right can become visible or apparent to the prisoner, where as in The Matrix, Neo is called to a similar fate, under the premise that the zenith of existence for both the prisoner and Neo is enlightenment. When Morpheus first meets Neo he explains to him â€Å"You are a slave neo, like everyone else you were born into the bondage, born into a prison that you ca nnot smell or taste or touch. A prison, for your mind.† When Neo’s is called to wake up on the computer he is completely confused, just like the prisoner is when he escapes the cave and sees light for the first time. The prisoners in the cave don’t know or think they are prisoners; the cave is the only reality that they’ve ever known. Plato defines this reality as ignorance because they don’t know the totality of life or knowledge, although they make dogmatic claims about their perceptions of the world as true. When Morpheus offers Neo the choice between the blue pillShow MoreRelatedThe Allegory Of The Cave1086 Words   |  5 PagesExplain the allegorical significance(s) of the cave in Plato’s Republic. How is the cave an allegory of Plato’s philosophy? How is the allegory of the cave an allegory for enlightenment or philosophical education? How and why are most human beings like prisoners in a cave? Who are the puppeteers? What does the world outside the cave represent? What does the sun represent? Etc. What is Plato’s Theory of the Forms? What is a Form? How does the allegory of the cave express Plato’s Theory of the Forms? HowRead MoreThe Allegory of the Cave907 Words   |  4 Pagesman follow the law, and how do implications of society affect our behavior. The most interesting topic from the Republic is from Book VII, the allegory of the cave. With the allegory of the cave Plato gives us the power to break the chains that bind us down and leads us to see the light. In the allegory of the cave Plato sets the scene with humans in a cave that have been chained since childhood so they are restricted from moving and looking around the room. These people only see the shadows castedRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave1382 Words   |  6 Pageshis most intricate, yet his most important figure: the Allegory of the Cave. Socrates calls on the interlocutors to imagine a dimly lit cave in which a group of prisoners are chained behind a wall in such a way that they cannot move and are forced to stare at a wall all day. Thanks to a small fire, the prisoners are able to see the shadows of their imprisoners and images their imprisoners projected on the wall. Having always been in the cave, the prisoners believe the shadows are true; similarlyRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave1307 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Allegory of the Cave there are prisoners are chained up together in which they are all facing the back wall. There is a firing behind the prisoners and the onl y thing that they can see are the shadows of the people behind them. The fire casts shadows on the wall so this is the only thing that they see. Their entire lives have been based on these shadows on the wall. These prisoners have been chained up since birth, so what they see on the walls is all they know. In the Allegory of the Cave, theyRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave905 Words   |  4 PagesIn the allegory of the cave Plato tries to show us two scenarios where the prisoners experience emotional and intellectual revelations throughout their lives. Plato’s theory was that the ones who truly understand knowledge should guide the ignorant people out of their unenlightened states of being and into true knowledge. The cave symbolizes the people who think that knowledge come from what they see and hear in the world. It also indicates people that make assumptions about life based on the substantialRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave Essay2021 Words   |  9 Pagesrecognizable im age of Plato’s Republic, the message of the allegory of the cave is present not only in Book VII, but throughout the entire dialogue. Plato-as-Socrates uses the allegory to express his views on philosophy’s role in his city of speech which is later shown more deeply with the five regimes in Book VIII. The cities in the five regimes undergo a degradation as philosophy moves further and further away from the ruler; which also mirrors the cave. Plato reveals his belief that the city and philosophyRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pages 3. Explain how the Allegory of the Cave represents Plato’s views about the nature of knowledge and the nature of reality. In the Allegory of the Cave there are chained prisoners in cave who can only stare at the cave wall in front of them. At the back there is a long entrance with a staircase the width of the cave and a fire burning in the distance. They see only shadows projected in front of them from a raised platform and hear an echo that they attribute to what they observe. They talk aboutRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave1619 Words   |  7 PagesIn his allegory of the cave, Plato describes a scenario in which chained-up prisoners in a cave understand the reality of their world by observing the shadows on a cave wall. Unable to turn around, what seems to be reality are but cast shadows of puppets meant to deceive the prisoners. In the allegory, a prisoner is released from his chains and allowed to leave the cave. On his way out, he sees the fire, he sees the puppets, and then he sees the sun. Blinded by the sunlight, he could only stare downRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave Essay718 Words   |  3 PagesThesis Allegory of Cave First what is perception and ignorance? Let us define perception as one’s view of life through rationalization of the external world and ignorance as an assumption without proof and contemplation. In the â€Å"Allegory of The Cave†, Plato uses Socrates to explain different types of people, one who sees the physical realm accepting ideas as they form and one who lives in knowledge realm by questioning those ideas. People of the knowledge realm are obligated to helps those in theRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave870 Words   |  4 Pages I had an experience that each represents the symbol towards the Allegory of the Cave. My childhood was mostly in Jamaica where I lived with my father for two to three years. I can relate to the symbols from the Allegory of the Cave. I was a prisoner in his house because I wasn’t allowed to leave the house. The chains on my hand represents me being a prisoner in the house. After dark every night I would be all by myself scared. I was 15 years old at the time and Jamaica wasn’t a place that

The Ethical Theory Of Virtue Ethics - 1115 Words

According to Holland (2011) there are few criticisms of virtue ethics. First, virtue ethics is really complicated and multiple varieties of the theory of virtue ethics exist. Hence a single summary of VE cannot completely do justice to this theory and the complexity it encompasses. Second, as VE is attempted to be used on more specific cases and is tried to be made more concise, the theory tends to become more inaccurate. The article further suggests the needs for a more comprehensive and specific explanation of virtue ethics. Although there are criticisms of virtue ethics, there are positive remarks about it as well. Stephen (2011) cites McDougall, according to whom, virtue ethics might be the best way to think about and approach†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Utilitarianism focuses on the greatest good of society rather than of individuals† (Garbutt, Davies 2011) and the theory makes the assumption that prediction about the results of action can be made and thus â€Å" end justify the means† (Garbutt, Davies 2011) if the result leads to greater good. So if the technology can be perfected harming as few individuals as possible and if it can be used to enrich the lives of many people, more than that was harmed, then a utilitarian approach would approve of this technology. Virtues and Vices of Utilitarianism/Consequentialism A major issue with a utilitarian approach is that when looking at the greater good it sometime neglects the needs or values of the smaller group. This approach somehow devalues what the smaller group needs. And this is does not seem just to treat people. Just because a greater number of people requires a certain treatment, the happiness of the other group should not be sacrificed. But that is what utilitarianism is about, to make the greatest number of people happy at the cost making the smaller group unhappy. This aspect of utilitarianism to provide happiness to the greatest number of people at the cost of others does not seem like a fair approach for an ethical principle. And especially in medicine this kind of approach should

Quiz Factory free essay sample

Question 1 5 out of 5 points Entrepreneurs need economic freedom to thrive. Those freedoms include:Answer Selected Answer: freedom of choice, freedom from excess regulation, and freedom from too much taxation. Correct Answer: freedom of choice, freedom from excess regulation, and freedom from too much taxation. * Question 2 5 out of 5 points Which of the following is not considered a natural resource_____Answer Selected Answer: soybeans. Correct Answer: soybeans. * Question 3 5 out of 5 points In order to effectively compete many companies have taken proactive steps to hire and nurture people from broad range of backgrounds. This is an example of which business environment? Answer Selected Answer: social Correct Answer:social * Question 4 5 out of 5 points Nonprofit organizations are commonly known for supporting:Answer Selected Answer: the arts industry. Correct Answer: the arts industry. * Question 5 5 out of 5 points Business transactions that occur online are examples of _____Answe Selected Answer: e-commerce. Correct Answer:|e-commerce. Question 6 5 out of 5 points Entrepreneurs:Answer Selected Answer: create benefits for others while seeking profit for themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Quiz Factory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Correct Answer: create benefits for others while seeking profit for themselves. * Question 7 5 out of 5 points The core goal of business is to generate long-term _____ by delivering _____ to their customers. Answer Selected Answer: profit, value Correct Answer:profit, value * Question 8 5 out of 5 points A business’s core goal is to generate long term profits while delivering _____to its customers. Answer Selected Answer: value Correct Answer:value * Question 9 5 out of 5 points _____ boomed as mass production took hold during the Industrial Revolution. Answer Selected Answer: Factory production Correct Answer: Factory production * Question 10 5 out of 5 points When making a career choice experts often advise graduating students to:Answer Selected Answer: find a career you love and the money will follow Correct Answer: find a career you love and the money will follow.

Welfare Services in Social Work

Question: Choose one piece of auto-biographical writing which relates to needing welfare services. Provide an analysis of the chosen piece of auto-biographical writing which draws on the learning in the module ( Social work, Service users, Anti-discriminatory practice Using Narratives) and discuss how the learning from the analysis could support anti-discriminatory practice? Answer: Welfare services are basically processes that deal with the well - being of the different individuals and the society. It offers financial help to the people to the economically and socially degraded people which are actually provided by the government. This will actually help to increase the happiness and prosperity in the lives of the people. In this study, a detailed analysis is done on the various aspects of welfare services (Abbott, 2003). The analysis is explained with the help of an autobiographical piece in evangelical Christianity relating to the role of women who are American and African slave (Arum, 2010). This autobiography dealt with the conversion of slave women, conversations between slave women and white women in the Southern society of evangelical Christianity. This society was hugely patriarchal and it affected the independence of women in the aspect of religious powers. The major role of the women was to nurture their children and also to encourage their religious involvement. There were different types of Evangelical churches like the Baptists, Methodists, and etc. Slaves do not belong to any specific institution. They literally faced numerous exploitation and humiliation from their masters (Leckie, Given Buschman, 2010). The disciplines of the church basically alert the responsibilities assigned to the slaves for their masters. The American Africa slaves faced torture in terms of their religion as well as in conversion (Magnusson, 2010). This had serious implications against the white culture with respect to political and social means. In the process of conversion, mother p lays an important role for their children. The family was the only peaceful place for a slave. In the family, a slave can lead his normal life but tremendous pressures still bounded on them. However the responsibilities of the white women were quite similar to the slave women. Their main focus was on improving the lives of their children and help in domestic chores. Slave women dealt with extreme difficulties to raise their children (BarkleyRosser, 2010). They married men on distant plantations and faced the threat of rape and other violations from the white slave owners and were sold to the traders from their families which ultimately resulted in the less effectiveness of nuclear families (Eriksen, 2010). However women faced many issues regarding gender discrimination. Another aspect which was significant was the both conversions and religious visions which was the vision of calling to preach and pray. A major difference exists in the narratives on the basis of gender, since only m en recalled being asked by God to preach. According to the evidences described in the narratives, a calling from God allowed only slave men to undertake the position of preacher. In many of the men's narratives their call to preach and their confidence in their ability to lead demonstrate that at that time men did not question the ability to serve in a more formal leadership role (Leckie, Given Buschman, 2010). Some men even often recalled that they had a lack of faith in their capabilities, but it was noted them God asked them to preach. A former slave expressed his self-doubt, stating that God not only instructed him once to preach: "I call you to preach the gospel," but also a second time: "Go in peace and fear not for a teacher and preacher shalt thou be and many shall hear thee and believe." The normal man heard two specific messages before he would go further in future. However, the slave knew that he had the right and the calling to become a preacher because God spoke to him. These important relationships of the family invoked women with the influence on setting up traditional family standards and it also provided stability in the family. One vital way that they demonstrated their family leadership was through religious instruction and guidance (Okitikpi Aymer, 2010). Slave women-mothers, aunts, and grandmothers-served as unofficial advisers and mentors providing security and moral expectations for slave children, as well as elevating women's status in the family realm. There are hardly any references in the narratives to the importance of fathers who provide religious guidance. This autobiography mainly focuses on Evangelical women including mothers and aunts. However, it also provides an insight into the religious leadership of men within the family. Through the practice of Evangelical religion or fonns of folk religion, women obtained an important place in their families, representing a moral authority in the slave community. For example: Frankie Goole expressed happiness about her belief in God and her positive memories of religion during slavery. A very real implication of the importance of influence of mothers on their children's religion is the number of references in the former slaves' narratives recalling their mothers' praying, singing, discussing religion or the submissive nature of their mother. This will directly reflect the impact of women's reli gious activities on their children. They also indirectly indicate that women gathered strength, introspection, and comfort from praying. Their own convictions led to a position of religious leadership within families, an ascent that directly challenged white assumptions of black inferiority. The more women secretly gathered to discuss religion, prayed during the worlung and taught their children how to worship. At the same point of time, this type of religious resistance to the slavery institution became an important means for women and thereby they gain respect and gave strength to their children. A former slave recalled the visuals of her mother praying for her child to convert in to Christianity (Albertson, 2010). These teachings encouraged women to generate moral and domestic authority. It also helps them to provide self esteem and values to their children. These teachings remained with the children even in the difficult situations and provided them the courage to survive in those difficult situations. Even though the churches were biracial, most of the churches divided the seats according to races, castes and the sermons that were offered to the African Americans. However, it was observed that many slaves have benefitted from this kind of worship. They belonged to the same religion as their master and mistress and religiously they were completely equal. In this biracial scenario, the role of the white women was vital. The white women negotiated with the slaves and allowed them to attend the local churches (Arum, 2010). This actually implied that religious preferences of both white and slave women were on a same level. Similar religious preferences do not imply similar cultural activities. Th eir relationship was very complicated. White women belonged to a highly dominated class. They did not have any economical and social problem like the slave women. So their scenario is completely different from them (SAUNDERS, 2010). Social work is carried out by the trained personnel in order to alleviate the social deprivation from the lives of the affected people. Social work is a very important in the contemporary society. The two major roles which are normally there in Social work are Support role and Control role. The first one is basically associated with the support which is to be given to the people who are mentally and socially degraded while the control role is associated with the protection of childs health and mental aspect. The social work contributes the life quality of the citizens, solidarity and the other relations in the society. Communities and individuals will constantly face social disadvantages and they will require help from the states and the government and to overcome this, there is a need of social work. Social Work is the profession that allows one to fight for individuals rights, protect the vulnerable and support those who are in need of support. It enables one to have a positive eff ect on others. It allows one, as a practitioner to work with a varied and differentiated group of people, to learn and experience a multifaceted life that is consistently dynamic and evolving. It allows one to try and tackle the various problematic issues, to help empower others to solve their own problems, to make a difference (hopefully for the better) the way the individual live. It teaches one continuously about all the different aspects of humanity and allows one to learn a lot about oneself. Social work allows one to work on different levels of society, to have a hand in changing it and to push forwards to a fairer, more equal and just society. Being a social worker could literally mean the difference between life and death for one person and that ultimately says it all and therefore makes it worth having, worth continually training and learning, worth making it a true profession and worth fighting for and continually developing it. Thats why social work is important in the li ves of the people facing obstacles and difficulties. Another important aspect which can be viewed with respect to social work is the role of Service Users (Lichtenberg, 2010). Service users are those people who use the social health care services potentially. They normally highlight the negativity of the mental and health policies. The main objectives of a service user are Providing proper information and advice. Their work is varied across families, individuals as well as different communities. Provide practical guidance and psychological counseling and support to the effected people. Provide funding to the backward people as well (Best, Minshew Strauss, 2010). They also deal with the social work approaches which ultimately lead to assessment. If these objectives are fulfilled then the people can lead a normal and independent life. The task of a service user is one of the most important aspects in a social work approach. In a social work practice, four stages are needed to be identified (MOREAU, 2010). They are Assessment Planning Intervention Review In the first stage, the problem should be assessed and analyzed whether it is an individual problem or problem of the society. Secondly to overcome the problem, a proper and appropriate strategy should be adopted. Thirdly, there should be a method of intervention like the state intervention to help the degraded people and lastly there should be a proper review to this assessment and critical review should be given so that if further any kind of social problem prevails, then these reviews will help to avoid the negative aspects of the social work. It also provides way to develop self esteem of the individuals and there is no unfair means to treat people differently (Flabbi, 2010). Anti Discriminatory Practices: By anti discriminatory practices, it is meant by the actions taken to prevent discrimination which happens in terms of race, color status. It actually promotes equality so that there is less discrimination. In this type of practices, the diversity of the people is dealt by the social workers and other professionals which ultimately results to develop a social awareness and also develop a relationship with the client (Lichtenberg, 2010). The workers who are comfortable to deal with their own identities have initiated effective responses to the others needs with different identities. The need of anti discriminatory practices arises when a low backward class is affected by the discrimination against them (Rapp, 2010). The objectives of the anti discriminatory policy are to provide polite, positive and encouraging responses to all the relevant inquiries. It also ensures balanced decision how the applicants can meet the needs of children and the people who are young. These practices will always make the affected people to deal with the difficulties. This will also ensure the victims not to lose their sight of importance of improving their livelihood. Providing equal opportunities do not mean treating every individual same. It will help to identify the uniqueness of the particular individual (Pennington, 2000). Basically, in multiculturism anti-discriminatory practices are rooted. These practices are employed by the social workers who help the degraded individuals to overcome the prejudice of the institutions and individuals. These types of practices are flexible and it involves the views of the individuals who are oppressed. These can also analyze the nature and impact of culture of different organizations and it includes multidimensional strategies which reflect the different concepts of networking, involvement of the user and participation. The practitioners should work out an understanding of all these ideas thereby lowering the discrimination and racial disparit ies among people. In this way it will help to develop ways to deal with these discriminatory and oppressive policies (Rapp, 2010). On the basis of this above autobiography, it can be inferred that the lower class of people i.e. the slaves are hugely affected and are discriminated against race, color and social status. The high classes dominated the lower class people. Presence of racial discrimination affected adversely the lives of the people. The black people were immensely tortured and had to face lots of issues in their regular life. There was even gender discrimination. Society being patriarchal, women were left behind in every aspect (Siddique, 2011). They face tremendous obstacles, sexual harassments and even brutal killings. The slave owners married slave women and exploited them in every way. They dont have their own independent life and had to do according to the order of their husband. Their opinions did not matter as well. They could not lead a peaceful life even in their own house (Kraal, Roosblad Wrench, 2010). However, the white women somehow had a better place in the society compared to the slav e women. Though they had same religious beliefs, but the cultural difference had made a distinction among them (Pierson Thomas, 2010). Here the service users can help to the degraded people through counseling and specific advice. In every situation, the slave women faced difficulties and there was no way for them to get out of this. In this scenario, the lower and the backward class of people needed support from the service users. Importance of social work also cannot be neglected. Here, the support role is played by the churches and control role is played by the slaves mother who has a desire for her child to convert into Christianity and lead a better life. Women are always sacrificing their happiness for the betterment of their family (Singh, 2010). Like here, slaves mother are praying anxiously for their children only for their enhancement. They cant even show their interest in any matter which they like (Rivera-Maestre, 2010). They were deprived of elementary education as well . So they dont have any idea about todays advanced generation where women play a significant role in the society and are still fighting to make their position stable in the society (Pagitt, 2010). There should also be a way to provide an analysis. So the anti discriminatory practices are required to be undertaken to make the lives of the people peaceful and hastlefree (Siddique, 2011). However this piece of autobiography can be compared with todays scenario as well. In todays scenario, both developed and developing countries faced severe social issues. Issues regarding women empowerment, racial discrimination still prevailed in many developed countries as well (Dovidio, Hewstone, Glick Esses, 2010). In every sphere of life, women face more challenges than the male counterparts. For example, molestation is faced by women everyday in majority of the countries. In a developed country like USA, statistics show that 9 out of 10 women have been molested and attempted rape. In Africa as well, this problem is quite prominent. There persists inequality in terms wages and salaries (Un.org, 2015). Women get less salary compared to the men. The average wages earned by women is $34,700 and by men is $42,800 (Bobbitt-Zeher, 2011). On a daily basis, women have to manage both household and professional work. The major issue that persisted in Africa was the racial discrimination. Today also, the white people are given more importance than the back people. In Libya, the black migrants were extensively humiliated and racial violence resulted in the death of the migrants (Un.org, 2015). There is still the presence of caste differentiation. In Africa, distinction among the high castes and low castes has unfavorable effects on the people of low caste. This reduces the growth in career, lowered the earnings, loss of self-esteem and confidence, depression anger etc (Siddique, 2011). In order to eradicate these social issues, certain policy implications should be adopted. Measures should taken by the government to improve the social and economic environment. Government policies should be implemented to remove inequality among men and women (Pennington, 2000). There should be a law on the equality of wages among and women so that women can earn at the same level men do. Gender discrimination should be reduced. Some policies should also be adopted in order to remove the disparities in caste system. There are differences in the religious beliefs as well. This should also not be discriminated and some policy or law should be implemented in this scenario. If these policy implementations are undertaken by the Government of both developed and developing countries, then there would be improvement in the lives of the normal people (Changer, Barreto Ellemers, 2010). The Government should itself take the responsibility to remove these problems. So these social issues shoul d be addressed and there should be positive solutions in the form of policy implementations and welfare services. Welfare services thus provide a very important place in the lives of the socially degraded human beings. It generates integrity in the society and help to maintain a well balanced state (Un.org, 2015). The need of welfare services is not only important in the lives of the slave but it is of utmost importance in the lives of the women in particular as they facing majority of the issues in their live (Pennington, 2000). The growth of welfare services, social work as a profession in both developed and developing countries should show positive outcome if there is cooperation among the government and different social welfare organizations. In this way a new positivity can be achieved in the field of social work. (Changer, Barreto Ellemers, 2010). References Abbott, S. (2003).MY MOTHER COULD SEND UP THE MOST POWERFUL PRAYER: THE ROLE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN SLAVE WOMEN IN EVANGELICAL CHRISTIANITY(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/abbottsl2003.pdf Albertson, J. (2010).Same-sex issues. New York: Nova Science. Arum, I. (2010). Women NGOs and Women Empowerment in Nigeria.African Research Review, 4(3). BarkleyRosser, J. (2010). Introduction to special issue on transdisciplinary perspectives on economic complexity.Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, 75(1), pp.1-2. Best, C., Minshew, N. and Strauss, M. (2010). Gender discrimination of eyes and mouths by individuals with autism.Autism Res, p.n/a-n/a. Bobbitt-Zeher, D. (2011). Gender Discrimination at Work: Connecting Gender Stereotypes, Institutional Policies, and Gender Composition of Workplace.Gender Society, 25(6), pp.764-786. Cihangir, S., Barreto, M. and Ellemers, N. (2010). The dark side of ambiguous discrimination: How state self-esteem moderates emotional and behavioural responses to ambiguous and unambiguous discrimination.British Journal of Social Psychology, 49(1), pp.155-174. Dovidio, J., Hewstone, M., Glick, P. and Esses, V. (2010).The SAGE Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination. London: Sage Publications. Eriksen, T. (2010).Small places, large issues. London: Pluto. Flabbi, L. (2010). GENDER DISCRIMINATION ESTIMATION IN A SEARCH MODEL WITH MATCHING AND BARGAINING*.International Economic Review, 51(3), pp.745-783. Kraal, K., Roosblad, J. and Wrench, J. (2010).Equal opportunities and ethnic inequality in European labour markets. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Leckie, G., Given, L. and Buschman, J. (2010).Critical theory for library and information science. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Libraries Unlimited. Lichtenberg, F. (2010). Pharmaceutical Price Discrimination and Social Welfare.Capitalism and Society, 5(1). Magnusson, C. (2010). Why Is There a Gender Wage Gap According to Occupational Prestige?: An Analysis of the Gender Wage Gap by Occupational Prestige and Family Obligations in Sweden.Acta Sociologica, 53(2), pp.99-117. MOREAU, S. (2010). What Is Discrimination?.Philosophy Public Affairs, 38(2), pp.143-179. Okitikpi, T. and Aymer, C. (2010).Key concepts in anti-discriminatory social work. London: SAGE. Pagitt, D. (2010).Church in the inventive age. Minneapolis: Sparkhouse Press. Pennington, D. (2000).Social cognition. London: Routledge. Pierson, J. and Thomas, M. (2010).Dictionary of social work. Maidenhead: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill Education. Rapp, M. (2010).The practitioner's attitudes toward religion and spirituality in social work practice. Rivera-Maestre, R. (2010).Narratives of relational aggression and violence among urban adolescent girls. SAUNDERS, B. (2010). Sex Discrimination, Gender Balance, Justice and Publicity in Admissions.Journal of Applied Philosophy, 27(1), pp.59-71. Siddique, Z. (2011). Evidence on Caste Based Discrimination.Labour Economics, 18, pp.S146-S159. Singh, M. (2010). Empowerment of Women: Gaps in Technology Diffusion.Social Change, 40(4), pp.563-576. Un.org, (2015).African women battle for equality | Africa Renewal Online. [online] Available at: https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/july-2005/african-women-battle-equality [Accessed 13 Apr. 2015].